### Title
**"नाज़ीवाद और हिटलर का उदय" (Nazism and the Rise of Hitler)**
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#### 1️⃣ Germany after World War I
* Germany lost **World War I (1914–18)** and signed the harsh **Treaty of Versailles (1919)**:
* Lost territories (Alsace-Lorraine, Rhineland, overseas colonies).
* Army restricted to 100,000 soldiers; no air force, limited navy.
* Had to pay massive reparations to Allies.
* War guilt clause humiliated Germans.
* **Weimar Republic** was formed (1919) with a democratic constitution:
* Proportional representation, universal suffrage (including women).
* President (7-year term), Chancellor, Reichstag (parliament).
* However, Article 48 gave President power to suspend civil rights in emergencies.
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#### 2️⃣ Problems of the Weimar Republic
* Lacked popular support; seen as weak and linked to Versailles humiliation.
* Economic crises:
* **1923 hyperinflation**: Currency lost value, middle class lost savings.
* Dependence on US loans via Dawes Plan (1924).
* **1929 Great Depression**: Factories closed, unemployment soared, banks collapsed.
* Political instability: Many parties, frequent changes.
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#### 3️⃣ Birth of Nazism
* Post-war resentment and depression nurtured extremist politics.
* **Adolf Hitler**, born in Austria (1889), joined the **German Workers' Party** (1919), later renamed **National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP/Nazi Party)**.
* Nazi ideology:
* Aryan racial superiority (Nordic/Germanic as "master race").
* Anti-Semitism (Jews blamed for Germany's defeat and crises).
* Lebensraum (living space): territorial expansion to the east.
* Anti-communism and anti-democracy; strong, authoritarian state.
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#### 4️⃣ Hitler's Rise to Power
* 1923: Attempted **Beer Hall Putsch** in Munich (failed; imprisoned).
* In prison wrote *Mein Kampf*, outlining Nazi ideology.
* Late 1920s: Built mass support through propaganda, rallies, youth groups (Hitler Youth), and promises to:
* Restore national pride.
* End Versailles "shame."
* Provide jobs and rebuild economy.
* 1932 elections: Nazi Party became largest in Reichstag.
* **30 January 1933**: President Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor.
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#### 5️⃣ Nazi Consolidation of Power
* After Reichstag Fire (Feb 1933), Hitler passed the **Enabling Act**, allowing rule by decree.
* Trade unions, opposition parties banned; concentration camps set up for communists, socialists.
* Secret police **Gestapo** crushed dissent.
* Media, education, and culture were tightly controlled to glorify Hitler and Nazi ideology.
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#### 6️⃣ Nazi Propaganda & Society
* Massive rallies at Nuremberg; radio, press, films spread messages of racial purity and nationalism.
* Youth indoctrination:
* **Hitler Youth** for boys; **League of German Girls** for girls.
* Taught loyalty, discipline, and physical fitness.
* Women portrayed as homemakers and mothers; encouraged to raise racially "pure" children.
* Cult of personality: Hitler seen as "Führer," saviour of Germany.
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#### 7️⃣ Racial Policies & Persecution
* **Jews** targeted:
* 1935 **Nuremberg Laws**: deprived Jews of citizenship, banned intermarriage.
* Boycott of Jewish businesses, dismissal of Jews from jobs.
* Kristallnacht (9–10 Nov 1938): synagogues, shops destroyed; Jews arrested/killed.
* Other victims: Roma (gypsies), Slavs, Blacks, disabled, homosexuals, political opponents.
* "Euthanasia" programs eliminated physically/mentally handicapped people.
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#### 8️⃣ Second World War & Holocaust
* Hitler's expansionism:
* Reoccupied Rhineland (1936), annexed Austria (1938), seized Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia).
* Invaded Poland (Sept 1939), triggering **World War II**.
* During war, Nazi regime implemented the **Final Solution**:
* Jews sent to ghettos, concentration and extermination camps (e.g., Auschwitz).
* Systematic genocide: \~6 million Jews murdered (Holocaust).
* Millions of Roma, Slavs, Poles, disabled, and others also killed.
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#### 9️⃣ Fall of Nazi Germany
* Early victories ended after defeats (Stalingrad 1943, Normandy 1944).
* Allied forces invaded Germany; Hitler committed suicide in April 1945.
* Germany surrendered on **8 May 1945**; Nuremberg Trials later punished top Nazi leaders.
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#### 🔟 Impact & Legacy
* Nazism brought immense destruction, war, and genocide.
* Showed dangers of racial hatred, dictatorship, and blind nationalism.
* Led to the formation of the **United Nations (1945)** to promote peace and human rights.
* Post-war Germany was divided into East (Soviet) and West (Allied).
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### Timeline of Key Events
| Year | Event |
| ---- | -------------------------------------------- |
| 1919 | Treaty of Versailles; Weimar Republic formed |
| 1923 | Hyperinflation; Beer Hall Putsch |
| 1924 | Dawes Plan stabilises economy |
| 1929 | Great Depression |
| 1933 | Hitler becomes Chancellor; Enabling Act |
| 1935 | Nuremberg Laws |
| 1938 | Kristallnacht |
| 1939 | WWII begins (Poland invaded) |
| 1942 | Final Solution begins |
| 1945 | Hitler dies; Germany surrenders |
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### Essence of the Chapter
> This chapter explains how political and economic turmoil in post-WWI Germany led to Hitler's rise, the establishment of a totalitarian Nazi state, and the horrific consequences of its racist ideology — culminating in the Holocaust and World War II.
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