### Title
**"सामाजिक परिवर्तन और समाजवाद" (Social Change and Socialism)**
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#### 1️⃣ Social Change after the French Revolution
* After the **French Revolution (1789)**, ideas of **liberty, equality, fraternity** spread across Europe.
* Society began to move from rigid estates towards modern class structures.
* Three political currents emerged:
* **Conservatives (#फूटोकन्ही)**: Wanted gradual change, respect for old institutions.
* **Liberals (mnkjoknh)**: Favoured constitutional government, equality before law, individual rights, free trade, and religious tolerance.
* **Radicals (jsfMdy)**: Demanded rapid and complete reform, universal suffrage, and redistribution of property.
* Thinkers like **Rousseau, Montesquieu**, and later **Marx, Engels** shaped debates on freedom, equality, and social justice.
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#### 2️⃣ Industrial Society & Its Problems
* The **Industrial Revolution** (18th–19th centuries) transformed Europe:
* New cities, railways, and factories developed.
* Production increased but working conditions were harsh:
* Long hours (12–15 hours/day).
* Low wages, child labour, unsafe machines.
* Workers lived in crowded, unhygienic areas.
* Employers sought maximum profit, causing social tensions.
* Industrialisation also created a new **middle class** (merchants, professionals) who valued education and personal effort.
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#### 3️⃣ Rise of Socialism
* **Socialism** emerged as a response to inequality created by industrial capitalism.
* Early socialists ("utopian") such as **Robert Owen** and **Louis Blanc** proposed cooperative communities and state-supported enterprises.
* Later, **Karl Marx (1818–1883)** and **Friedrich Engels (1820–1895)** argued:
* Workers (proletariat) create wealth through labour but are exploited by owners (bourgeoisie).
* Only a **classless society** based on collective ownership could ensure justice.
* Workers must unite and overthrow capitalism → the idea of **Communism**.
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#### 4️⃣ Support for Socialism
* By the late 19th century, socialist ideas spread widely:
* **Second International (1889)** united socialist parties across countries.
* In Britain, trade unions grew strong; in France, socialist groups formed a party (1905).
* Socialists demanded better wages, shorter hours, and workers' representation in government.
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#### 5️⃣ Russia before the Revolution
* In the early 20th century, **Russia** (under Tsar Nicholas II) was largely agricultural:
* About 85% were peasants tied to landlords; many practised subsistence farming.
* Industry was limited (textiles, metallurgy); most workers were concentrated in St Petersburg and Moscow.
* Workers endured long hours, low pay, and poor housing.
* Peasants resented nobles and the state for taxes, forced labour, and lack of rights.
* Political parties emerged:
* **Social Democrats** split into:
* **Bolsheviks** (Lenin's group): wanted disciplined party, revolution led by workers and peasants.
* **Mensheviks**: wanted broad membership and gradual reforms.
* **Socialist Revolutionaries** focused on peasant rights and land redistribution.
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#### 6️⃣ The 1905 Revolution in Russia
* Workers' protests in St Petersburg (due to wage cuts, food shortages, and harsh conditions) were brutally repressed on **"Bloody Sunday" (22 Jan 1905)** — over 100 killed.
* Strikes, peasant uprisings, and mutinies followed.
* Tsar reluctantly allowed a **Duma (parliament)**, but he retained autocratic powers and limited reforms.
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#### 7️⃣ World War I and Russia
* **WWI (1914–1918)** worsened Russia's problems:
* Millions of soldiers died; equipment and supplies were scarce.
* Food shortages and inflation gripped cities.
* Industries collapsed due to blockades and loss of markets.
* Discontent grew among soldiers, workers, and peasants.
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#### 8️⃣ The February Revolution (1917)
* In **Feb 1917**, strikes and demonstrations erupted in Petrograd:
* Workers, women (protesting bread shortages), and soldiers joined.
* The Tsar's troops refused to fire on crowds and mutinied.
* On **2 March 1917**, Tsar Nicholas II abdicated.
* A **Provisional Government** was formed, sharing power with the **Petrograd Soviet** (workers' council).
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#### 9️⃣ The October Revolution (1917)
* The Provisional Government failed to end war or redistribute land, losing support.
* Bolsheviks, led by **Vladimir Lenin**, promised:
* "Peace, Land, and Bread."
* All power to the Soviets.
* On **25 October 1917**, Bolshevik forces stormed key points in Petrograd and seized government control.
* The world's first socialist state was established.
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#### 🔟 Key Terms & Figures
* **Utopian Socialists**: Robert Owen, Louis Blanc.
* **Scientific Socialism**: Marx & Engels.
* **Trade Unions, Second International**: Tools for workers' unity.
* **Bloody Sunday**, **Duma**, **Soviets**, **Bolsheviks/Mensheviks**.
* **Peace, Land, Bread**: Bolshevik slogan.
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### Essence of the Chapter
> The chapter traces the journey from post-French-Revolution social change to the birth of socialism and the **Russian Revolution of 1917**. It explains how industrialisation created inequality, how thinkers proposed socialist alternatives, and how Russia's political, economic, and social crises culminated in two revolutions that overthrew monarchy and established communist rule.
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