# **Summary of Chapter 1 – Democracy**
## 1. Meaning of Democracy
* Democracy means **rule of the people, by the people, for the people**.
* The ultimate power rests with the citizens, who govern through their elected representatives.
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## 2. Key Features of Democracy
1. **People's Sovereignty:**
* People are supreme; the government exists and functions according to their will.
2. **Equality:**
* All citizens are equal before the law.
* No discrimination based on caste, religion, gender, language, or wealth.
3. **Freedom:**
* Citizens enjoy basic freedoms — speech, expression, belief, association, and movement.
4. **Rule of Law:**
* The same law applies to everyone, even rulers and leaders.
5. **Universal Adult Franchise:**
* Every citizen above 18 years has the right to vote without discrimination.
6. **Elected Government:**
* Representatives are chosen through free and fair elections.
* They make laws and policies on behalf of the people.
7. **Accountability:**
* The government is answerable to the people.
* Citizens can change the government through elections.
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## 3. Importance of Democracy
* Protects the **rights and freedoms** of citizens.
* Ensures **participation of people** in governance.
* Promotes **equality, unity, and fraternity**.
* Provides peaceful means for resolving conflicts.
* Strengthens national integration.
* Makes governance **people-oriented**.
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## 4. Forms of Democracy
1. **Direct Democracy:**
* Citizens themselves take part in decision-making.
* Example: Ancient Greece (Athens).
2. **Representative Democracy:**
* Citizens elect representatives who make decisions for them.
* Followed in modern states like India, USA, UK, etc.
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## 5. Democracy in India
* After independence in 1947, India adopted democracy.
* In **1950**, the **Constitution** came into force, declaring India a **sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic**.
* India follows the **parliamentary system**:
* The President is the head of state.
* The Prime Minister and Council of Ministers hold real power.
* India has **universal adult franchise** — every citizen above 18 can vote.
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## 6. Challenges to Democracy
* **Casteism and Communalism** weaken democratic values.
* **Poverty and illiteracy** prevent active citizen participation.
* **Corruption and criminalization** affect politics.
* **Use of money and muscle power** in elections.
* **Inactive and irresponsible citizens** hinder true democracy.
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## 7. Conclusion
* Democracy is the **best form of government** because it gives dignity, rights, and participation to people.
* Its success depends not only on laws and the Constitution but also on **active, responsible, and aware citizens**.
* True democracy must be **political, social, and economic** — ensuring justice and equality for all.
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