# **Revision Sheet – Chapter 1: Democracy**
### Meaning
* Rule of the people, by the people, for the people.
### Features
* People's sovereignty.
* Equality before law.
* Freedom of speech, belief, association.
* Rule of Law.
* Universal Adult Franchise (18+ can vote).
* Elected & accountable government.
### Importance
* Protects rights & freedoms.
* Promotes equality & unity.
* Peaceful conflict resolution.
* Strengthens national integration.
### Forms
* **Direct Democracy** – citizens decide directly (ancient Greece).
* **Representative Democracy** – elected representatives (India, USA, UK).
### Democracy in India
* Adopted in **1950 Constitution**.
* **Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic.**
* Parliamentary system: President (nominal head), PM & Council (real power).
* Universal Adult Franchise.
### Challenges
* Casteism, communalism.
* Poverty, illiteracy.
* Corruption, money & muscle power.
* Irresponsible citizens.
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# **Revision Sheet – Chapter 2: Federalism**
### Meaning
* System of govt. where power is divided between **central and state governments**.
### Features
* Two levels of govt.
* Division of powers (Union, State, Concurrent lists).
* Supremacy of Constitution.
* Independent judiciary.
* Dual objectives: unity + diversity.
### Federalism in India
* **Union of States**.
* **Union List:** national importance (defense, foreign affairs).
* **State List:** state subjects (police, agriculture).
* **Concurrent List:** both can make laws (education, forests).
* **Residuary powers:** with Union govt.
### Importance
* Power sharing.
* Unity in diversity.
* Efficient administration.
* Strengthens democracy.
* Balanced development.
### Challenges
* Central dominance.
* Center-state disputes.
* Misuse of President's Rule (Art. 356).
* Economic inequalities between states.
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# **Revision Sheet – Chapter 3: Constitutional Design**
### Need for Constitution
* Defines powers & limits of govt.
* Protects citizens' rights.
* Prevents misuse of power.
* Reflects people's ideals.
### Making of Constitution
* **Constituent Assembly:** Dec 1946.
* **President:** Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
* **Drafting Committee Chairman:** Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
* Duration: 2 yrs, 11 months, 18 days.
* Adopted: **26 Nov 1949**, Enforced: **26 Jan 1950**.
### Sources
* **UK:** Parliamentary system, Rule of Law.
* **USA:** Fundamental Rights, Judiciary.
* **France:** Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.
* **Ireland:** Directive Principles.
* **South Africa:** Amendment procedure.
* **Indian heritage:** freedom struggle values.
### Preamble
* India = **Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic**.
* Promises: **Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity**.
### Features
* Lengthiest written Constitution.
* Federal with unitary tilt.
* Parliamentary system.
* Separation of powers.
* Fundamental Rights (6).
* Directive Principles of State Policy.
* Secular state.
* Independent judiciary.
* Single citizenship.
* Amendment procedure.
### Importance
* Framework of governance.
* Protects rights.
* Ensures justice & equality.
* Promotes unity & integration.
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