Just some general housekeeping stuff.
Matching Dust Type to Dust Color
Fire: Red. Pretty much the only consistent dust type in the show. I Need no explanation.
Ice: Dark Blue. Volume 1 shows Ruby sneezing from a dust cloud. The colours present are yellow, dark blue, and red. She causes fire, ice, and lightning to appear. Red is fire. Yellow is lightning. That leaves dark blue as ice. Dark blue dust has also been loaded in Myrtenaster consistently. Considering Myrtenaster is a weapon, Weiss would load it with the most offensive/defensive types of dust. Ice can be both, and we know she uses it constantly. Cyan is the only other blue dust loaded into Myrtenaster, and it's not ice, which I will expand upon later. It's also not white dust (also loaded into Myrtenaster) which also be expanded upon later.
Lightning: Yellow. Weiss' haste glyph is yellow. Additionally, when she casts haste, her sword glows yellow. We know she can mix dust with her glyphs. Volume 1 also proves this, as stated above. In addition to this, yellow dust has also been loaded into Myrtenaster from the start.
Wind: White. This has been a point of contention thanks to Volume 3. That being said, given that both Weiss and Amber use white crystals to produce wind, it's safe to say Wind is now white instead of green. Apparently, Miles also confirmed this in a livestream somewhere, as well. Weiss has not consistently carried white dust in her rapier. In Volume 2, she had green (back when green was still wind). Either way, she's always carried wind dust.
Energy: Cyan. One of the few consistent dust colors. We've seen this via Neo and Weiss. Some people thought it was just an aura thing, but the arena also has the same forcefield thing.
Lava: Orange. Cinder uses orange dust, and she uses volcanic glass weapons. In addition to this, the orange stuff she shoots at Glynda behaves more like lava than fire when it hits the rooftop.
Earth: Green. Admittedly, I have no basis for this. However, unless they completely retconned green dust out of existence, it would make sense if they changed green dust to earth from wind. Green is technically an earth tone, and all. We know earth dust exists, due to Blake's clone attack. There was no green crystal in the clip Weiss gave her, but given that white and green were changed for wind, white may have been earth/stone before the switch.
Gravity: Purple. We know it exists, and when Blake uses that dust clip to specialize her clones, there is a clone that has a distinct purple outline that hovers for a while. We've never seen her clones with that purple outline outside of that fight, so it's something.
Steam: Light Blue (Not Cyan). Winter uses some weird steam attack thing during the fight with Qrow. We can see she has a light blue crystal in her sword. Also, steam dust was confirmed. So it exists.
Unknown Weird Shit: Dark Orange dust is a complete mystery. Maybe it's supposed to be magma, somehow? IDK. It's probably heat-based. Pink dust might be a thing and also explosive…?