For example, photons are the most familiar type of gauge boson to us.
The particle that gives mass to fundamental particles is the Higgs particle—this is quite complex to elaborate on. Although the mass of fundamental particles comes from the Higgs particle, the primary source of visible mass in the universe is actually the strong interaction, which is a concept at the doctoral level. In summary, it's enough to just have a conceptual understanding of it.
On the other hand,
these fundamental particles can form a vast number of composite particles, and the number of composite particles depends on what scale you are discussing.
If it is at the atomic level, just the various elements and their isotopes alone number in the thousands.
If you specifically refer to subatomic particles, then you're usually considering mesons and baryons, along with some special particles.
